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M. Russell. A cowboy is an animal herder who tends cattle on ranches in North America, traditionally on horseback, and often performs a multitude of other ranch- related tasks. The historic American cowboy of the late 1. Mexico and became a figure of special significance and legend.[1] A subtype, called a wrangler, specifically tends the horses used to work cattle. In addition to ranch work, some cowboys work for or participate in rodeos. Cowgirls, first defined as such in the late 1. There are also cattle handlers in many other parts of the world, particularly South America and Australia, who perform work similar to the cowboy in their respective nations. The cowboy has deep historic roots tracing back to Spain and the earliest European settlers of the Americas.

Over the centuries, differences in terrain, climate and the influence of cattle- handling traditions from multiple cultures created several distinct styles of equipment, clothing and animal handling. As the ever- practical cowboy adapted to the modern world, the cowboy's equipment and techniques also adapted to some degree, though many classic traditions are still preserved today. Etymology and mainstream usage. King of the Plains" postcard, 1.

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The English word cowboy has an origin from several earlier terms that referred to both age and to cattle or cattle- tending work. The word "cowboy" appeared in the English language by 1. It appears to be a direct English translation of vaquero, a Spanish word for an individual who managed cattle while mounted on horseback.

It was derived from vaca, meaning "cow,"[4] which came from the Latin word vacca. Another English word for a cowboy, buckaroo, is an anglicization of vaquero.[5]Originally, the term may have been intended literally—"a boy who tends cows." By 1.

American West. Variations on the word "cowboy" appeared later. Cowhand" appeared in 1. Names for a cowboy in American English include buckaroo, cowpoke, cowhand, and cowpuncher.[7] "Cowboy" is a term common throughout the west and particularly in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains, "Buckaroo" is used primarily in the Great Basin and California, and "cowpuncher" mostly in Texas and surrounding states.[8]The word cowboy also had English language roots beyond simply being a translation from Spanish. Originally, the English word "cowherd" was used to describe a cattle herder, (similar to "shepherd," a sheep herder) and often referred to a preadolescent or early adolescent boy, who usually worked on foot. Equestrianism required skills and an investment in horses and equipment rarely available to or entrusted to a child, though in some cultures boys rode a donkey while going to and from pasture) This word is very old in the English language, originating prior to the year 1. In antiquity, herding of sheep, cattle and goats was often the job of minors, and still is a task for young people in various third world cultures.

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Because of the time and physical ability needed to develop necessary skills, the cowboy often began his career as an adolescent, earning wages as soon as he had enough skill to be hired, (often as young as 1. In the United States, a few women also took on the tasks of ranching and learned the necessary skills, though the "cowgirl" (discussed below) did not become widely recognized or acknowledged until the close of the 1. On western ranches today, the working cowboy is usually an adult. Responsibility for herding cattle or other livestock is no longer considered a job suitable for children or early adolescents. However, both boys and girls growing up in a ranch environment often learn to ride horses and perform basic ranch skills as soon as they are physically able, usually under adult supervision.

Such youths, by their late teens, are often given responsibilities for "cowboy" work on the ranch.[1. Other historic word uses.

The term "cowboy" was used during the American Revolution to describe American fighters who opposed the movement for independence. Claudius Smith, an outlaw identified with the Loyalist cause, was referred to as the "Cow- boy of the Ramapos" due to his penchant for stealing oxen, cattle and horses from colonists and giving them to the British.[1. In the same period, a number of guerilla bands operated in Westchester County, which marked the dividing line between the British and American forces. These groups were made up of local farmhands who would ambush convoys and carry out raids on both sides. There were two separate groups: the "skinners" fought for the pro- independence side; the "cowboys" supported the British.[1. In the Tombstone area in the 1. Cowboy" or "cow- boy" was used pejoratively to describe men who had been implicated in various crimes.[1.

One loosely organized band was dubbed "The Cowboys," and profited from smuggling cattle, alcohol, and tobacco across the U. S./Mexico border.[1. The San Francisco Examiner wrote in an editorial, "Cowboys [are] the most reckless class of outlaws in that wild country .. It became an insult in the area to call someone a "cowboy," as it suggested he was a horse thief, robber, or outlaw. Cattlemen were generally called herders or ranchers.[1. The Cowboys' activities ultimately ended with the Gunfight at the O. K. Corral and the resulting Earp Vendetta Ride.[1.

History. The origins of the cowboy tradition come from Spain, beginning with the hacienda system of medieval Spain. This style of cattle ranching spread throughout much of the Iberian peninsula and later, was imported to the Americas. Both regions possessed a dry climate with sparse grass, and thus large herds of cattle required vast amounts of land in order to obtain sufficient forage.

The need to cover distances greater than a person on foot could manage gave rise to the development of the horseback- mounted vaquero. Spanish roots. Various aspects of the Spanish equestrian tradition can be traced back to Islamic rule in Spain, including Moorish elements such as the use of Oriental- type horses, the la jineta riding style characterized by a shorter stirrup, solid- treed saddle and use of spurs,[1. Arabic šakīma, Spanish jaquima)[1. Certain aspects of the Arabic tradition, such as the hackamore, can in turn be traced to roots in ancient Persia.[1.

During the 1. 6th century, the Conquistadors and other Spanish settlers brought their cattle- raising traditions as well as both horses and domesticated cattle to the Americas, starting with their arrival in what today is Mexico and Florida.[2. The traditions of Spain were transformed by the geographic, environmental and cultural circumstances of New Spain, which later became Mexico and the Southwestern United States. In turn, the land and people of the Americas also saw dramatic changes due to Spanish influence. The arrival of horses was particularly significant, as equines had been extinct in the Americas since the end of the prehistoric ice age. However, horses quickly multiplied in America and became crucial to the success of the Spanish and later settlers from other nations. The earliest horses were originally of Andalusian, Barb and Arabian ancestry,[2. American horse breeds developed in North and South America through selective breeding and by natural selection of animals that escaped to the wild.

The Mustang and other colonial horse breeds are now called "wild," but in reality are feral horses—descendants of domesticated animals. Vaqueros. Vaqueros in California, circa 1.